Sociological Analysis of Gender Inequality in Sport (The Perspective of Female National Hero Athlete)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

• Akbar Talebpour ¹
• Masoumeh Nazari Azad ²
• Majid Kashani ³

¹ Associate Proff

² sociology department of Islamic Azad university

³ sociology department of Islamic Azad University

Abstract

Gender inequality is one of the inequalities that women suffer in the world in general and in Iran in particular. The present study uses theories in this field such as theories; gender socialization, gender inequalities, sociology in the form of consciousness of the thirty Wright Mills, Collins Contradiction Theory, Bloomberg Gender Inequality Theory, Chapters Gender Equality Theory, Gender Equity Theory and Physiological Barriers Theory is based on an analytical model to explain the perception of gender inequality in sport. Based on research model, independent variables, socio- Economic, values and norms Social, pattern of parents, type of exercise, women, women's education, using the media as dependent variables affecting the perception of inequality in sports were selected. The method of this study was to use a survey method among female athletes at the national and transnational level as a statistical population. 200 of them were selected as a statistical sample by random sampling. The research instrument was a questionnaire and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha. The findings of the research were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and path analysis. Results of multiple regression analysis showed variables; socio-economic status, social values and norms, parental modeling, women's education and media use respectively The most effect on the dependent variable has been investigated and, in total, more than 48% of the variations of the function variable have been explained.

Keywords

• Gender Inequality
• Athlete Women
• Sport
• Path Analysis

20.1001.1.20088566.1398.10.40.13.8

---

References

-Aboth, Pamela& keller Vallace(2001), Sociology of Women, Translated by Manijeh Najme Araghi, Tehran, Ney Pub.(Persian).

-Anvarolkhouli,Amin(2002), Sport &Society, Translated by Hamidreza Sheikhi, Astan Quds Razavi Islamic Research Foundation and Humanities Textbooks Study Organization (Samt),Tehran.(Persian).

-Atghia,Nahid(2007) Needs Assessment of Different Classes of Iranian Women in Public Sports, Journal of Research in Sport Sciences, No17, Voll5,Winter 2007.(Persian).

-Azimi,Shahram,Hatami,Hedayat,Akbari,Ronak(2015), The Role of Cultural, Social Factors on Women's Participation in Sport, First Conference on Women's Role in Community Health, Tehran, Social Injury Prevention Foundation.(Persian).

-Baerrel Susan. (2000) Feminist Theories of sport, London, sage.

-Blumberg Rae Lesser(1984) A general Theory of Gender Stratification, Sociological Theory Journal,No2, pp.23-101.

-Chafetz,,Janet  Satzman(1990), Gender Equity: An Integrated Theory of Stability and Change,New Bury Park, CA;Sage pub.

-        Coakley, j. (2000) Sport in Society: Issues and controversies, Boston Mass, mc Graw Hill.

-        Deshpande, w (2016) Gender Discrimination in Sports; International Journal of Physical E ducation, Sports and Health; 3(3): 545-547.

-        De Beauvoir, Simon (2001), Second Gender, Translated by Qassim Sanoudi, Volume I and II, Tehran: Toos Pub.(Persian).

-Ebrahimi, Ghorbanali, Asghari, Ali, Nicknejad, Mohammadreza(2010), Sociological Study of Factors Affecting Women's Attitude toward Participation in Sport Activities of Students of Mazandaran University, Journal of Research in Sport Sciences, No. 11, pp119-132.(Persian).

-Ehsani,Mohammad, Kouzehchiyan,Hashem,Keshghar, Sara(2007), An Investigation on the Deterrence Factors and Participation of Tehran Women in Recreational Activities. Journal of Research in Sport Science, Issue 17, Winter 2007.(Persian).

-Parsamehr,Mehreban(2008), Measuring the Tendency of Young Women to Participate in Physical Activity (Yazd City) .Journal of Isfahan University, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 205– 218.(Persian).

-Pourakchi,Somayyeh,Heidarinejad,Sedigheh,ShetabBoushehri,Nahid,Khatibi,Amin(2017), Identifying Obstacles to the Promotion of Women Athletes in the Premier League of Khuzestan Province, Journal of Sport Studies, No. 42. June-July 2016. pp 162-137.(Persian).

-Pourmohammad,Roya, Jahahanbakhsh,Esmaiil, Mohammadi, Asghar(2017), Investigating the Role of Religion in Women's Involvement in Sport Activities (Case Study: Women in Tehran), Social-Scientific Quarterly Journal of Islamic Azad University of Shoushtar Branch, No.11, Voll 39.(Persian).

-Garousi,Saiideh(2005), The Impact of Myths on Gender Inequality, Case Study of Kerman and its Villages, Ph.D.Dessertation in Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Shiraz University.(Persian).

-Ghadimi,Bahram(2011), Sport in Tehran City, Jameh&Farhang Pub.(Persian).

-Holland, Judith, R and Carole Oglesby (2008) Women in Sport, the Synthesis Begins, Sage publications.

--Kelly, C. Sara, B.(1996) The Social Psychology of Collective Action, London and francis.

-Khajavi,Dariosh,Khalaji,Hasan(2008), Preventing Barriers to Women in Arak Education from Regular Physical Activity. Journal of Women's Studies, Volume 6; No. 3.(Persian).

-Laker, Anthony (2002) The sociology of Sport and Physical Education, Rutledge.

-Mirghafouri,Habibollah(2009), Investigation of Problems Affecting Women's Participation in Sport Activities (Case Study: Yazd University Student Girls), Journal of Sport Management, No. 1, Summer 2009.(Persian).

-Mohseni Tabrizi,Alireza, Amanisanadiyani,Fatemeh,Dousti,Akram(2009), A Sociological Study of Gender Inequality between Women and Men and Its Role in Domestic Violence. (Case Study: Tehran City). Journal of Contemporary Sociology, First Year, Third Edition, Summer 2009.(Persian).

-Monazzami, Maryam,Alam,Shahram,Shetabeboushehri,Nahid(2011), Determining Factors Affecting the Development of Physical Education and Sport in Iranian Women, Journal of Sport Management, No. 10, Fall 2011.(Persian).

-Naderiyan,Masood,Zolaktaf,Vahid,Moshkelgosh,Elham(2009), Barriers to Women's Athletic Participation and Their Relationship with Motivation, Journal of Motion Science and Sport, Seventh Year, Volume I, No. 13, pp. 145-154.(Persian).

-Obsatz, Michaei (1997)Gender socialization, Mack Journal, vol.88, no.21.

-Ritzer,Georg(2003), Contemporary Sociologhical Theory, Translated by Mohsen Salasi, Elmi Pub.(Persian).

-Talebpour,Akbar, Ghadimi,Bahram(2018), Sport at the Pointview of Sociology Theorists, Ja mehshenasan Pub.(Persian).

-Tavasoli,Afsaneh(2015), Gender Differences in Professional Male and Female Athletes in Iran, Modern Approaches to Sport Management Journal, No. 3,Voll 87.(Persian).

-Turner, J.(1999) The structure of sociological Theory, Robinson,R.v, and Wendell.

-Vassiliou, A (2014) Gender Equality in Sport, Proposal for Strategic Actions 2014 – 2020.