Analysis of Women's Place Identity and Dependence in Leisure Activities

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

• Marjan Saffari

Tarbiat Modars University

Abstract

Leisure behavior patterns are usually based on places and spaces. The purpose of this study was to analysis the relationships between serious leisure, identity and Place dependence in women.
It was applied from the aspect of purpose and of the descriptive-correlational type in terms of nature and theme, and was conducted based on structural equation modeling. Sample size was specified as 156 according to the presumptions made on the basis of a 0.05 alpha level and a 0.90 power using the PASS software. The instruments used in this research for data collection included questionnaires by Gould et al (2008) on serious leisure and by Kyle et al (2005) on identity and Place dependence. The validity of the questionnaires was approved after three-step translation, and the reliability was at the desired level (0.92, 0.84 & 0.90).
The results suggested that Tehran's Enghelab Sports Complex has been successful in establishment of a place identity regarding what women have made on their minds about this specific place and their attachment to it. Availability of such places provides women with higher chances of and greater opportunities for participation in leisure activities including sports.

Keywords

• Serious Leisure
• Gender
• place identity
• Place Dependence
• Tehran

20.1001.1.20088566.1399.11.42.8.4

---

References

-Aitchison, C. C. (2013). Gender and leisure: Social and cultural perspectives. Routledge.

-Aitchison, C.C. (2000). Women in leisure services: managing the social–cultural nexus of gender equity’, Managing Leisure, 5, 4: 81–91.

-Blaschko T. M. & Burlingame J. (2002). Assessment tools for recreational therapy and related fields. (3rd ed.). Ravensdale, WA: Idyll Arbor Inc.

-Chang, H. H. (2017). Gender differences in leisure involvement and flow experience in professional extreme sport activities. World Leisure Journal, 59(2), 124-139.

-Coalter, F. (ed.) .(1989). Freedom and Constraint: The Paradoxes of Leisure, London: Routledge.

-De Grazia, S. (1962). Of Time, Work and Leisure, New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.

-Deem, R. (1986). All Work and No Play: The Sociology of Women and Leisure. OUP, Milton Keynes.

-Duncan, M. C., & Messner, M. A. (1998). The media image of sport and gender. In L. A. Wenner

-Female and family news.(2015). Health and Welfare, Available at: http://mehrkhane.com/fa/news/22899

-Foord, J., McDowell, L. and Bowlby, S. (1986) For love not money: gender relations in local areas. CURDS Discussion Paper No. 76, University of Newcastle.

-Gammon, S., & Elkington, S. (Eds.). (2016). Landscapes of leisure: Space, place and identities. Springer.

-Gould, J., Moore, D., McGuire, F., & Stebbins, R. (2008). Development of the serious leisure inventory and measure. Journal of Leisure Research, 40(1), 47-68.

-Green, B. C., & Jones, I. (2005). Serious leisure, social identity and sport tourism. Sport in Society, 8(2), 164-181.

-Green, E., Hebron, S. and Woodward, D. (1990) Women’s Leisure, What Leisure? Basingstoke: Macmillan.

-Hair Jr., J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J. and Anderson, R.E (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. 7th Edition, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River.

-Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed, a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152.

-Haywood, L., Kew, F. and Bramham, P. (1989) Understanding Leisure, London: Hutchinson.

-Haywood, L., Kew, F. and Bramham, P. (1989) Understanding Leisure, London: Hutchinson.

-Health News.(2018).  Iran Sports Medicine Federation Report, Available at: http://www.salamatnews.com/news/249350

-Heidari, K., Heydarinejad, S., Saffari, M., & Khatibi, A. (2019). Investigating the leisure behavior of Iranians: the structural model of serious leisure, recreation specialization and place attachment. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1-17.

-Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial management & data systems, 116(1), 2-20.

-Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43(1), 115-135.‏

-Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. In New challenges to international marketing (pp. 277-319). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.‏

-Heo, J., Lee, Y., Lundberg, N., McCormick, B., & Chun, S. (2008). Adaptive sports as serious leisure: Do self-determination, skill level, and leisure constraints matter?. Annual in Therapeutic Recreation, 16, 31-38.

-Hidalgo, M. C., & Herna´ ndez, B. (2001). Place attachment: conceptual and empirical questions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21, 273–281.

-Hintze, J. L., & Kaysville, U. NCSS help system. NCSS, Kaysville, Utah. 2011; 865-1:10.

-Hums, M. A., & Sutton, W. A. (1999). Women working in the management of professional baseball: Getting to first base?. Journal of Career Development, 26(2), 147-158.

-Hunt, L. M. (2008). Examining state dependence and place attachment within a recreational fishing site choice model. Journal of Leisure Research, 40(1), 110-127.

-Kane, M., & Zink, R. (2004). Package adventure tours: Markers in serious leisure careers. Leisure Studies, 23(4), 329-345.

-Koivula, N. (2001). Perceived characteristics of sports categorized as gender-neutral, feminine and masculine. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 24(4), 377-393.

-Kyle, G., Graefe, A., & Manning, R. (2005). Testing the dimensionality of place attachment in recreational settings. Environment and Behavior, 37(2), 153-177.

-Lonsway, B. (2009). Making Leisure Work: Architecture and the Experience Economy. London: Routledge.

-Maleki M, parsa S, vasiq B, moradi E.(2015). Investigating the Sense of Dependency to the Place of Living Based On Gender Differences (Case Study: Ilam City). JHRE; 33 (148) :99-108 . (Persian)

-Mattingly, M. J., & Blanchi, S. M. (2003). Gender differences in the quantity and quality of free time: The US experience. Social forces, 81(3), 999-1030.

-Mesch, G. S., & Manor, O. (1998). Social ties, environmental perception, and local attachment. Environment and Behavior, 30, 504–519.

-Momsen, J. and Townsend, J. (1987) A Geography of Gender in the Third World. Hutchinson.

-Mowl, G., & Towner, J. (1995). Women, gender, leisure and place: Towards a more ‘humanistic’geography of women's leisure. Leisure Studies, 14(2), 102-116.

-Mueller, J. T. (2016). Conflict, Specialization, and Place Attachment Among North American Rock Climbers.

-Patmore, A. (1983). Recreation and Resources. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.

-Patterson, M. E., & Williams, D. R. (2005). Maintaining research traditions on place: diversity of thought and scientific progress. Journal of Environmental Psychology,25, 361–380.

-Pedersen, S., & Seidman, E. (2004). Team sports achievement and self-achievement and self-esteem development amount urban adolescent girls. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28(4), 412-422.

-Prezza, M., Amici, M., Roberti, T., & Tedeschi, G. (2001). Sense of community referred to the whole town: its relations with neighboring, loneliness, life satisfaction and area of residence. Journal of Community Psychology, 29,29–52.

-Ramshaw, G., & Hinch, T. (2006). Place identity and sport tourism: The case of the heritage classic ice hockey event. Current Issues in Tourism, 9(4-5), 399-418.

-Richter, N. F., Sinkovics, R. R., Ringle, C. M., & Schlaegel, C. (2016). A critical look at the use of SEM in international business research, International Marketing Review, 33(3), 376-404.‏

-Robinson, J. P., & Godbey, G. (1993). Sport, fitness, and the gender gap. Leisure Sciences, 15(4), 291-307.

-Rojek, C. (2000). Leisure and Culture. Basingstoke, Hants.: Macmillan.

-Rollero, C., & De Piccoli, N. (2010). Place attachment, identification and environment perception: An empirical study. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(2), 198-205.

-Rose, G. (1993) Feminism and Geography. Polity Press, Oxford.

-Saffari, M., Ehsani, M., Amiri, M., & Kozechian, H. (2013). Designing the model of sport for all in Iran. Asian Social Science, 9(2), 208-218.

-Safiri, K., Modiri, F.(2010). Gender differences in leisure time, Social analysis of order and social inequality, No,1.pp 169-147. (Persian).

-Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2017). The experienced psychological benefits of place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 51, 256-269.

-Sharp, E. H., Coatsworth, J. D., Darling, N., Cumsille, P., & Ranieri, S. (2007). Gender differences in the self-defining activities and identity experiences of adolescents and emerging adults. Journal of Adolescence, 30(2), 251-269.

-Shaw, S., & Frisby, W. (2006). Can gender equity be more equitable? Promoting an alternative frame for sport management research, education, and practice. Journal of Sport Management, 20(4), 483-509.

-Shen, X. S., & Yarnal, C. (2010). Blowing open the serious leisure-casual leisure dichotomy: What's in there? . Leisure Sciences, 32, 162-179.

-Stebbins, R. (2006). Serious leisure: A perspective for our time. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.

-Stebbins, R. A. (2008). Right leisure: Serious, casual, or project-based?. Neuro Rehabilitation, 23(4), 335-341. ‏

-Stebbins, R. A. (2014). Starting a Fulfillment Career. In Careers in Serious Leisure. Palgrave Macmillan, London.

-Stebbins, R.A. (2001). The costs and benefits of hedonism: Some consequences of taking casual leisure seriously. Leisure Studies, 20, 305-309.

-Stebbins, R.A. (2012). Comment on Scott: Recreation Specialization and the CL-SL Continuum, Leisure Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 34:4, 372-374.

-Tartaglia, S., Rollero, C. (2010). Different Levels of Place Identity: From the Concrete Territory to the Social Categories. In J. Valentin, & L. Gamez (Eds.), Environmental Psychology: New Developments. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.

-Townsend, J. G. (1991). Towards a regional geography of gender. Geographical Journal, 25-35.

-Williams, D., Stewart, W.; Kruger, L. (2013). Place-based conservation: advancing social theory and practice. In Place-based conservation: Perspectives from the social sciences, New York: Springer.

-Wilson, W. R. (2013). Are Rock Climbers Crunchy? Serious Leisure, Place Attachment and Environmental Concern in the Shawangunks, Doctoral dissertation, Ohio University.

-Wimbush, E. and Talbot, M. (eds) (1988) Relative Freedoms. OUP, Milton Keynes.