Identifying the Causes of Divorce of Women without Children (the Initial Stage of the Married Life Cycle)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD student, Department of Counseling, Khuzestan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran/ PhD student, Department of Counseling, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Counseling, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Counseling, Masjedsoleyman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Masjedsoleyman, Iran

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors of divorce and to prepare and construct a questionnaire on divorce factors in the early stages of women's marital life cycle. The statistical population of this study was all divorced women in the early stages of married life who had at least 6 months of joint life experience. In the present study, four samples were used by available sampling method. The first sample was used to find the basic factors and formulate a questionnaire (n = 25), the second sample to check the reliability and validity of the instrument (n = 50), the main sample was used for analysis. The exploratory factor (n = 200) and the fourth sample were selected for confirmatory factor analysis (n = 200). The tool used in the divorce was in the early stages of the marital life cycle. After analyzing the results of this study, it was approved. The research design was correlation covariance matrix analysis which used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to analyze the results. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that divorce factors in the early stages of the marital life cycle for divorced women include sexual problems and marital relations, lack of necessary life skills, family problems of origin and emotional maturity; economic problems and cultural problems and lack of recognition , Are. Identifying divorce factors as a role model and pathway for young couples and ultimately promoting public health.

Keywords


1. Browning M., Chiappori P.-A., Weiss Y. Economics of the Family: Cambridge University Press. 2014.https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:cup:cbooks:9780521795395
2. Amato P. R. (2010). Research on divorce: Continuing trends and new developments. Journal of marriage and family. 2010 ; 72(3), 650-666. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00723.x
3. Van Jaarsveld, A. W. Divorce and children in middle childhood: parents' contribution to minimise the impact. University of Pretoria. 2013 . http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23977
4. Markman H. J., Stanley S. M., Blumberg S. L. Fighting for your marriage: A deluxe revised edition of the classic best-seller for enhancing marriage and preventing divorce: John Wiley & Sons. 2010. https://www.amazon.com/Fighting-Your-Marriage-Best-seller-Preventing/dp/0470485914
5. Wubedel D. The Causes and Psychosocial Impacts of Divorce on Women: The Case of Ethiopian Women Lawyers’ Association (EWLA) Supported Women. Doctoral Dissertation. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University. 2014. http://localhost/xmlui/handle/123456789/11204
6. Hawkins A. J., Willoughby B. J., Doherty W. J. (2012). Reasons for divorce and openness to marital reconciliation. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 2012 ;  53(6), 453-463. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2012.682898
7. Iranian Civil Registration Organization. 2017. https:/www.sabteahval.ir
8. Statistical Yearbook of the Civil Registration Organization of Iran. 2018. https:/www.sabteahval.ir.
9. Iranian Civil Registration Organization. 2019. https:/www.sabteahval.ir
10. Walsh F. Strengthening family resilience: Guilford Publication. 2015. https://www.guilford.com/books/Strengthening-Family-Resilience/Froma-Walsh/9781462529865
11. Kalantari A; Roshanfekr P; Javaheri J. Review of Three Decades of Divorce Research in Iran. Journal of the Cultural and Social Council of the Family. 2011 ; 53 (14), 162-130. Available from: http://www.jwss.ir/
12. Javadi A ; Mohammad Javadi M. Tendency to Divorce and Its Affecting Factors Among Family Court Attendants in Eyvan-e-gharb and Gilan-e-gharb. Proceedings of the Second Iranian National Conference on Social harms. Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran: Iranian Sociological Association. 2011. Available from: http://www.isa.org.ir.
13. Rahimi H. Divorce Factors in Khorasan Province. Population Quarterly. 2010 ; 33 and 34 (8): 112-100. URL: http://populationmag.ir/article-۱-۱۴۷-fa.html
14. Rastgou N; Golzari M; Barati Sadeh F . The Effectiveness of Increasing Sexual Knowledge on Marital Satisfaction of Married Women, Journal of Clinical Psychology Studies. 2014 ; 17 (5): 48-36. https://jcps.atu.ac.ir/article_1037.html
15. Amato P. R. The consequences of divorce for adults and children. Journal of marriage and family. 2004 ; 62 (4), 1269-1287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01269.x
16. Bloom B. L., Niles R. L., Tatcher A. M. Sources of marital dissatisfaction among newly separated persons. Journal of family issues. 1985 ; 6(3), 359-373. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F019251385006003007
17. Cleek M. G., Pearson T. A. Perceived causes of divorce: An analysis of interrelationships. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1985; 179-183. https://doi.org/10.2307/352080
18. Kitson G. C., Babri K. B., Roach M. J. Who divorces and why: A review. Journal of family issues. 1985 ; 6(3), 255-293. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F019251385006003002
19. Mendes J. A. D. A., Bucher-Maluschke J. S. N. F. Destructive divorce in the family life cycle and its implications: criticisms of parental alienation. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa. 2017; 33. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e33423
20. Zhang Q. Family communication patterns and conflict styles in Chinese parent-child relationships. Communication Quarterly. 2007 ; 55(1), 113-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370600998681
21. Honarian M; Younesi, S. J . Divorce Factors in Tehran Family Courts. Journal of Clinical Psychology Studies. 2011; 3 (1), 153-126. Available from: https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=157031
22. Karimi Y., Almasi S., Mohammadi R., Fazeli Hassan . A Phenomenological Inquiry of the Divorce Contexts among Divorced Individuals. Clinical Psychology Studies. 2017, 7(25), 191-211. https://jcps.atu.ac.ir/article_7138.html?lang=fa
23. Greeley A. M. Sex: The Catholic Experience: Thomas More. 1994. https://www.amazon.com/Sex-Catholic-Experience-Andrew-Greeley/dp/0883472856
24. Nicolson P., Burr J. What is ‘normal’about women's (hetero) sexual desire and orgasm?: a report of an in-depth interview study. Social Science & Medicine. 2003; 57(9), 1735-1745. https://DOI: 10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00012-1
25. Sasanpour M., Shahrodyan,G., Ahmadi S. The effectiveness of sexual cognitive reconstruction program for couples on reduction of sexual problems. Journal of Family Research. 2015 ; 10(4), 475-491. Available from: https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=414561
26. Ramezani T. F., Farahmand M., Mehrabi Y., Malekafzali H., Abedini M.  Prevalence of female sexual dysfunction and its correlated factors: a population based study. 2012;URL: http://payeshjournal.ir/article-1-407-en.html
27. Stanley S. The power of commitment: A guide to active, lifelong love: Jossey-Bass San Francisco, CA. 2005. https://www.amazon.com/Power-Commitment-Guide-Active-Lifelong/dp/0787979287
 28. Lambert N. M., Dollahite D. C. The threefold cord: Marital commitment in religious couples. Journal of family issues. 2008; 29(5), 592-614. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0192513X07308395   
29. Arriaga X. B., Reed J. T., Goodfriend W., Agnew C. R. Relationship perceptions and persistence: Do fluctuations in perceived partner commitment undermine dating relationships? Journal of personality and social psychology. 2006; 91(6), 1045. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.1045
30. Glass S. P., Wright T. L. Reconstructing marriages after the trauma of infidelity. In W. K. Halford & H. J. Markman (Eds.), Clinical handbook of marriage and couples interventions (pp. 471–507). John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1997. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-08291-018
31. Azizi A, Esmaeli R, Dehghan Manshadi S, Esmaeli S. The Effectiveness of life Skills Training on Marital Satisfaction in Divorce Applicant Couples. IJN. 2016; 29 (99 and 100) :22-33. URL: http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2277-en.html
32. Dindar E., Mahdavi M., Seyyed Mirzaee S. The Survey of Relationship between Life Skills and Emotional Divorce (Case study: Married people Shiraz city in 2016-2017). Quarterly Journal of Women and Society, 2019; 9(36): 153-176. Available from:  http://jzvj.miau.ac.ir/article_3284.html?lang=en
33. Shokrbeigi A, Ahmadi O. A, Ebrahimi Manesh M. A semantic representation of the nature of married life in failed marriages (a constructivist approach). Women and society (Sociology of women). 2016;7(2)series(26):69-87.Available from: https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=274778
34. Karney B. R., Coombs R. H. Memory bias in long-term close relationships: Consistency or improvement? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2000; 26(8), 959-970. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672002610006
35. Salek Haddadi N., Badri R., Study of the Effect of Training of Life Skills on Coping Style, Quarterly of Education and Evaluation. 2013., Sixth Year, No. 21, 94-79. Available from: https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=220934.
36. Goldenberg I; Goldenberg, H . Family Therapy. Translated by: Hamid Reza Hossein Shahi Bervati, Siamak Naghshbandi and Elham Arjmand (2004). Tehran: Ravan press. 2000. https://www.amazon.com/Family-Therapy-Overview-Irene-Goldenberg/dp/0534357571
37. Skowron E. A. The role of differentiation of self in marital adjustment. Journal of counseling psychology. 2000. 47(2), 229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.2.229
38. Glade A. C. Differentiation, marital satisfaction, and depressive symptoms: An application of Bowen theory. The Ohio State University 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1123257865
39. Peleg O., Yitzhak M. Differentiation of self and separation anxiety: Is there a similarity between spouses? Contemporary Family Therapy. 2011; 33(1), 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10591-010-9137-Z
40. Peleg  O,. The relation between differentiation of self and marital satisfaction: What can be learned from married people over the course of life? The American Journal of Family Therapy. 2008;36(5), 388-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180701804634
41. Barnhill L. R., Longo D. Fixation and regression in the family life cycle. Family Process. 1978;17 (4): 469-478. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1978.00469.x
42. Mahintorabi S., Mazaheri M., Sahebi A., & MousaviV. The effect of cognitive-behavioral training on modification of irrational expectation, emotional maturity and marital dissatisfaction in women. J Behav Sci. 2011;5(2),127-133.Available from:  http://www.behavsci.ir/article_67721.html
43.Yusoff M. S. B., Rahim A. F. A., Mat Pa M., See C., Ja'afar R., Esa A. R. The validity and reliability of the USM Emotional Quotient Inventory (USMEQ-i): its use to measure Emotional Quotient (EQ) of future medical students. International Medical Journal. 2011 ; 18(4), 293-299. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233841321
44. Rafeedali E. Influence of self concept and emotional maturity on leadership behavior of secondary schools heads in kerala, india. European Journal of Education Studies. 2017. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.233008
45. Kapri U. C., Rani N. Emotional maturity: Characteristics and levels. International Journal Of Technological Exploration And Leasrning. 2014;3(1),359-361. http://paper.researchbib.com/view/paper/12860
46. Bowen M. Family therapy in clinical practice: Jason Aronson. 1993; https://www.amazon.com/Family-Therapy-Clinical-Practice-Murray/dp/1568210116
47. Jenkins S. M., Buboltz W. C., Schwartz J. P., Johnson P. Differentiation of self and psychosocial development. Contemporary Family Therapy. 2005; 27(2), 251-261. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10591-005-4042-6
48. Enayat H., Najafi Asl A., Zare S., Study of factors influencing early divorce among urban Bushehr youth (comparing two groups of divorced and not-divorced). Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research. 2014 ; 2(3), pp.1-35. Available: https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=479071.
49. Hajiheydari Z,  Esmaeli  M, Talebi  A. Marital conflict couples without children  on the brink of divorce: A qualitative study. J Qual Res Health Sci . 2015; 4(1): 12-21. http://jqr.kmu.ac.ir/article-1-302-fa.html
50. Tebes J. M. Contextual Factors and Environmental Differences Between Couples Divorce Compromised and not Compromise. Aula Orientalis. 2015; 1, 7-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2018.29
51. Masarik A., Conger R., Martin M., Ferrer E. Intergenerational Transmission of Romantic Relationship Risk and Resilience to Economic Pressure. 2013. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268125285_Intergenerational_Transmission_of_Romantic_Relationship_Risk_and_Resilience_to_Economic_Pressure
52. Yeung W. J., Hofferth S. L. Family adaptations to income and job loss in the US. Journal of Family and Economic Issues. 1998; 19(3), 255-283.  https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1023/A:1022962824012
53. Conger R. D., Elder Jr, G. H., Lorenz F. O., Conger K. J., Simons R. L., WhitbeckL. B., . . . Melby J. N. Linking economic hardship to marital quality and instability. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1990. 643-656. https://doi.org/10.2307/352931
54. ghotbi M, holakoei naeini K, jazayeri A, rahimi A. Evaluation of Divorce and it's Factors in Divorced Person Lived in Doulat Abad (Tehran) . refahj. 2004; 3 (12) :271-286. http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1886-fa.html
55. Abbasi Asfajir, A. A., Khanmohamadi Otaghsara, A. Study the causes of divorce and its relation to social security (Based on records in the intervention centers in the Mazandaran Province Family Crisis). Societal Security Studies. 2019; Volume 9 , Number 56 ; Page(s) 131 - 169. Available from: https:/www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=506478
56. Mohsenzadeh F; Nazari M; Arefi M. A Qualitative Study of Factors contributing to Marital Dissatisfaction and Applying for Divorce. Journal of Women's Strategic Studies.2011 ; 14 (53): 7-42. Available: https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=255070
57. Faust K. A., McKibben J. N. Marital dissolution: Divorce, separation, annulment, and widowhood. In M. B. Sussman , S. K. Steinmetz , & G. W. Peterson (Eds.), Handbook of marriage and the family (2nd ed., pp. 475-502). New York: Plenum. 1999. https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q4iAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA265&lpg=PA265&dq=
58. Bramlett M. D., Mosher W. D. First marriage dissolution, divorce, and remarriage. Paper presented at the National Center for Health Statistics. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1037/e609102007-0001