The effect of the trade liberalization policy (with emphasis on the reduction of tariff barriers) on the employment rate of women in selected Islamic countries using a spatial approach Abstract

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

• Atefeh Sarkesh ¹
• roya aleemran ²

¹ Ph.D. Student of Islamic Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Management and Accounting, Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

² Associate Professor.Department of Economics.Tabriz Branch.Islamic Azad University.Tabriz.Iran.

10.30495/jzvj.2023.30761.3879

Abstract

Over the past three decades, many countries have implemented

economic reforms that include trade liberalization policies and there is a

strong interest in the gender impact of these reforms. On the other hand,

trade liberalization determines the structure of employment, the extent of

poverty, and the distribution of income and wages. The purpose of this

paper is to estimate the effect of trade liberalization on women's

employment using panel data from selected Islamic countries in the

framework of a spatial econometric approach. The 1999 to2018 statistics

were used for this purpose. The results show that trade liberalization has a

direct and significant impact, and tariff barriers have a significant and

reverse impact on the employment of women in the Selected Islamic

Countries. Also, the commercial liberalization of one country has had a

positive effect on the employment of women in other countries. This

means that with the increasing commercial liberalization of each country,

the average employment rate of women in other Selected Islamic

Countries has increased.

Keywords

• Spatial Econometrics
• Trade Liberalization
• Tariff Barriers
• Women'
• s Employment Rate

---

References

1. Tayebi SK, Yazdani M, Heydari S. Analyzing the Effect of Commercial Liberalization on the Productivity of the Commercial Sector. Journal of Economic Development Research, 2014, 3(12), 27-50.
2. United Nations, Department of economic and social affairs. World urbanizationprospects: The 2014 revision, New York: United nation publication. 2014.
3. Aref Assaf A. Evaluating the Impact of Trade Openness on Women’s Job Opportunities: An Analysis for Middle East Countries, Global Journal of Economics and Business. 2018, 4(1), 99 – 110.
4. Corray .A. The role of free trade in the employment of women in industrial factories. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2014, 21, 409-417.
5. Amini A, Moradzadeh S. Analyzing the Impact of Trade Liberalization on theUnemployment Rate: A Case Study of Selected Developing Countries. Journal of Economic Sciences, 2016, 9 (31), 92-77
6. Margit B. The Effect of Trade Openness on Women's Welfare and Work Life. World Development, Elsevier, 2009, 37(6), 1027-1038.
7. Akter M, Rahman M, Radicic D. Women Entrepreneurship in International Trade: Bridging the Gap by Bringing Feminist Theories into Entrepreneurship and Internationalization Theories. Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, Lincoln International Business School,  2019, 11(22), 450-687.
8. Zheng- Zhengm l, Chi-Wei Su R, Lin-Na H. Enhance or depress? The effect of trade on active females in the labour market. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 2019, 32(1), 2680-2698.
9. Al-Wadi M. The Impact of Trade Liberalisation on Women Employment in Middle East Countries. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 2017, 94(6), 1450-2275.
10. Fontana M. Gender Equality in Trade Agreements. Study for the FEMM Committee, Directorate General for Internal Polices—Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. 2016.
11. Bunje M, Abendin S. Wang Y. The Effects of Trade Openness on Economic Growth in Africa. pen Journal of Business and anagement, 2020, 10(2), 123-196.
12. Malindini Kh, Mackett O. Trade Liberalisation and Female Employment in Botswana and South Africa. 2018.
13. Banerjee P, Veeramani C. Trade Liberalization and Women’s Employment Intensity: Analysis of India’s Manufacturing Industries. Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research Working 1-45. 2015.
14. Asrifa H, Shankar Gh. Valeva A, Hariger. Does Globalization Encourage Female Employment? A Cross-Country Panel Study. School of Accounting, Finance, Economics and Decision Sciences, Western Illinois University, 1 University Circle, Macomb, IL 61455, USA, 2022, 3(2), 206-218.
15. Giovannetti G, Sanfilippo M, Vivoli A. Trade liberalization, employment, and gender in Ethiopia. WIDER Working Paper 2021, 59,12(147),110-143.
16. Gupta A. Effect of Trade Liberalization on Gender Inequality: The Case of India. IMF Economic Review, Palgrave Macmillan; International Monetary Fund, 2021, 69(4), pages 682-72.
17. Giorgia G, Sanfilippo M, Vivoli A. Trade liberalization, employment, and gender in Ethiopia. Working paper, 2021, 21(10) 235-465.
18. MashayekhSalehani A, Ghaznfarnia R. Globalization and Employment of Women. National Conference on Family Strengthening and the Role of Women, 2017, https://www.civilica.com/Paper-KHNT01-KHNT01_027.html.
19. Ozler S. Export orientation and female share of employment: Evidence from Turkey. World Development, 2000, 28(7), 1239–1248.
20. Mittr S. Globalization, Technological Changes and the Search for a New Paradigm for Women’s Work. Gender, Technology and Development, 2017, 3(1), 1-17.
21. Wang F, Kis-Katos K, Zhou M. Trade Liberalization and the Gender Employment Gap in China. DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES, 2020, 2(12), 36-89.
22. Zafiris T. Women and Labor Market Changes in the Global Economy: Growth Helps, Inequalities Hurt and Public Policy Matters. World Development, 1999, 27(3),551-569.
23. Nica E, Poliak M, Alpopi C, Kliestik T, Sorin M. Impact of Trade, FDI, and Urbanization on Female Employment System in SAARC: GMM and Quantile Regression Approach. Department of Administration and Public Management, Faculty of Administration and Public Management, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 2023, 11(13).
24. Nasrollahi Z, Poshdobashi H. The Relationship between Trade and Employment in the Industrial Sector. Journal of Alzahra University Economic Development Policy Quarterly, 2015, 2(1), 97-132.
25. Gaddis I, Pieters J. The Gendered Labor Market Impacts of Trade Liberalization Evidence from Brazil. The Journal of Human Resources, 2017, 16(4), 312-347.
26. Asghar M, Umair Yousuf M, Ali Sh. Impact of Trade Liberalization on Employment: Review of SAARC Countries. Applied Sciences and Business Economics, 2014, 1(1), 48-55.
27. Khalili Iraqi S, Kamijani A, Mehrara M, Azimi S. The Effect of Spatial Propagation on Housing Price Changes in Iran Using Spatial Interruption Model and Combined Data. Journal of Economic Research and Policies, 2014, 21(67), 25-48.
28. LeSage JP, Pace RK. Introduction to Spatial Econometrics, Boca Raton, Taylor & Francis. 2009
29. Nageli Sh, Maddah M, Abonouri I. The Impact of Government Fragility on Iran's Exports to Southeast Asian Countries Using a Spatial Econometric Approach. Journal of Economic Modeling, 2019, 12(3), 77-51.